Development is only 60–70% of total cost of ownership. These items are forgotten in many initial budgets — and lead to nasty surprises later.
App-store fees Apple Developer Program: $99/year · Google Play Console: $25 once (plus mandatory developer verification from September 2026).
Hosting / servers €50–500/month depending on user count. EU hosting (Hetzner, DigitalOcean Frankfurt) for data sovereignty — relevant for DACH Mittelstand.
Maintenance & updates 15–20% of initial development cost per year. For a €50,000 app: €7,500–10,000/year for iOS/Android update adaptations, bug fixes, security patches.
Third-party licenses Sentry, Mapbox, Stripe, auth providers — typically €100–800/month additional for a mid-complex app.
Compliance & audits GDPR data protection impact assessment, MDR conformity assessment, ISO 27001 audits — sector-dependent, often €5,000–25,000 once plus running cost.
Marketing / app-store optimisation App icon design, store screenshots, ASO content — typically €2,000–8,000 once plus ongoing marketing investments.